Introduction: Endodontic instruments are developed to provide a better cleaning of the root canal system and reduce its risk of fracture. The aim of this study was to evaluate the instrumentation time and cyclic fatigue resistance of WaveOne Gold, ProDesign R and ProDesign Logic files. Methods and Materials: Thirty Nickel-titanium (NiTi) rotary instruments were divided into 3 groups (n=10). ProDesign Logic file 25/0. 06 was used in continuous rotation after glide path preparation. WaveOne Gold 25/0. 07 and ProDesign R 25/0. 06 files were used in reciprocating motion. Every file instrumented 3 standardized artificial canals. The average time, the number of cycles (NCI) and cyclic fatigue resistance of each file were determined through the number of cycles to failure (NCF) in a stainless-steel device. The total amount of cycles to fracture was also calculated (NCI+NCF). Data was analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests. Results: The instrumentation time of the ProDesign Logic file was significantly lower when compared to the other files (P=0. 019). The longest times to failure were presented by ProDesign Logic (182. 07 sec) and ProDesign R (152. 38 sec) files. The same differences were observed for the NCF (910. 37 and 761. 93). The WaveOne Gold group presented a lower NCF as well as a smaller sum of NCI+NCF (748. 33) that was statistically significant when compared to the other groups (P<0. 05) respectively. Conclusion: The use of continuous rotational motion in canals with a glide path in the ProDesign Logic group led to shorter instrumentation time. The cyclic fatigue resistance of ProDesign R and Logic instruments was superior to WaveOne Gold. The thermal treatment of the instrument’ s alloy, its cross section and the glide path seems to influence the cyclic fatigue resistance.

Usually two-dimensional substitution is used for the production of integrated circuits. Due to heavy use of communications, two-dimensional substitution has high losses as well as, density of elements is low in it. To resolve this problem, three-dimensional substitution method was proposed. Rather than the two-dimensional arrangement of elements in a row, elements are layout in three dimensions in this substitution. In this paper, three-dimensional substitution algorithms using order used in two-dimensional substitution, three-dimensional substitution analysis by mPL and three-dimensional substitution simultaneous with two-dimensional substitution by mPL have been studied in terms of structure and function, and a butterfly processing element (PE) and an Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) block and a wireless MIMO decoder to assess them have been implemented with the mentioned methods. . Applying these methods shows that the use of face to face integration by microbuses in communications of substitution algorithm, on average, improves the maximum clock and block speed of AES encryption to 15. 3% and the maximum clock and block speed of PE module to 22. 6% as well as the maximum clock and speed of MIMO modules to 17. 1%, while the use of these methods has led to the average reduction in power consumption of 2. 6% for the AES module and the average reduction in power of 12. 9% for the PE module and the average reduction in power consumption of 5. 1% for MIMO module.

Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate if the apical patency can influence the adaptation of the master cone of gutta-percha, quantifying the volume of voids and areas at the last 2 mm of the working length (WL). Materials and Methods: Sixty distobuccal canals of extracted upper molars were divided into 3 groups (n=20) based on the patency length (A: passed 1 mm beyond the apical foramen (AF), B: at the AF and C: 1 mm short of the AF) with the Easy ProDesign Logic 25/0. 01 file. Each group was subdivided into 2 subgroups (n=10) based on the WL established to prepare the root canal (1: 1 mm short of the AF or 2: at the AF) with the Easy ProDesign Logic 25/0. 05 file. After the scan, void volumes were calculated from the last 2 mm of the WL and void areas at 0 mm, 1 mm and 2 mm of the last of WL, as well as the relation between the tip and taper of the master cone with the amount of void volume and areas. To investigate statistically significant differences, we used the Kruskal-Wallis statistical test. Results: There were more voids in volume when patency was achieved 1 mm beyond the AF and the root canal preparation was conducted at 1mm short of the AF (A1 group). Furthermore, the same group showed more voids areas, mainly on the last millimeter of WL. Conclusion: Achieving apical patency at 1 mm beyond the AF followed by instrumentation 1 mm short of the AF created more voids between the master gutta-percha cone and the root canal wall, especially on the last millimeter of WL.

We know for Logic two systems: the Ancient Logic and the Modern Logic, which are inconsistent in some points of view. In this paper, I want to see if Ancient Logic, versus Modern Logic, is really one Logic, has one set of rules, and introduces one methodology. There are many disagreements on the number and the exact formulation of the valid rules of Ancient Predicate Logic. For instance, the various formulations of the Obversion and Contraposition (the congruent and the opposite) can be mentioned as evidence for the claim. Since Aristotle has not spoken of contraposition, it can be concluded that adding the two forms of contraposition to his Logical rules provide us with two new Logical systems, in which the formulations of the quantified propositions differ from that in Aristotle’s system. Also, since there have appeared different theories on Congruent Contraposition and the Obvertion between Muslim Logicians, the number of the systems has reached the six. In this paper, introducing an exact definition for each of these systems, I present suitable formulations for the quantified propositions at the mentioned six systems.

Quantum mechanics replaced the traditional mechanics in the early twentieth century. To study Schrodinger’ s wave equation, whose position in this new mechanics is like the status of Newton’ s movement laws in traditional mechanics, numerous philosophical statements have been offered, one of which is ‘ quantum Logic’ . The founders of quantum Logic claim that on the basis of their observations in quantum level, the traditional Logic, which previously served as the measurement for right and wrong arguments, lacks the proper efficiency and must be replaced by one of the expressions of quantum Logic. In the present article, while shortly introducing quantum mechanics and quantum Logic, we have avoided entering the formal discussions of quantum Logic and used analytical method to investigate the possibility of replacing the traditional Logic with quantum Logic. According to this study, it was clarified that one must regard quantum Logic just as a mathematical formulization, not an alternative Logic, because firstly it is dependent on a certain statement of Schrodinger’ s equation, and secondly, one must use traditional Logic to falsify it. Applying this Logic to traditional and quantum Logic would result in truth and falsehood of both Logics and not falsehood of traditional Logic and truth of alternative Logic.

When hearing the term fuzzy Logic, the first thing that the mind immediately goes to is the field of non-deterministic arguments, and if we want to use a term close to it to make its meaning a little clearer, we can say that fuzzy Logic is the same as Armagon's Logic. It is an approximation that, ironically, the literal meaning of the word "argument" also refers to the clarification of something by the same thing (function input or armagon). Now the basic question is that while the educated mind of man has considered Logic as equivalent to the mechanism of definite perceptions and accurate results for more than a thousand years, how can we talk about the invention of a Logical method that is based on uncertainty? This question is doubly important from the aspect that our approximate arguments in the context of our lived life are more than our exact, definite and unambiguous arguments, that is, the same arguments that classical Logic, whether in its old or new language, He leaves it aside and does not pay attention to them, and of course he is forced to do this because he does not have the tools to analyze these arguments. This is where we unknowingly remind ourselves of Bacon's angry regret, who considers Aristotelian Logic to be a fantasy that causes waste and diversion of great talents over many centuries, a continuous and constant effort without helping a person to improve the quality of his life; A bunch of delusional nonsense, the result of which, perhaps in the most optimistic state, is Scott's adversary and the victory of futility in verbal disputes, of course, if we do not say only pointless boasting and scrutiny based on rhetoric, the fruit of which is the explanation of rational axioms. If Mr. Bacon knew about fuzzy Logic, he would have corrected his view of Logic, and to be more precise, he would have separated Aristotle from Logic, not Logic from science. One of the most important advantages of fuzzy Logic is that it can introduce a way to enter the knowledge and experiences of experts into intelligent systems that are based on sensitive and practical decisions and choices and develop the previous absolute correct and incorrect Logic. The basis of the analysis in the present research is to examine the components of two types of Logic, i.e. classical Logic and fuzzy Logic, and clarify the understanding of the Logical concepts and philosophical foundations of classical Logic, as well as comparing it with the concepts of fuzzy Logic. The research results indicate: these two types of Logic have fundamental differences from an epistemoLogical point of view; Aristotle's epistemoLogical foundation is based on the certainty-oriented duality of "either this/or that", while the fuzzy epistemoLogical foundation is based on a multi-valued system and that both Logics are a contradictory understanding of what the mind and the external world are and the connection between They both give hands.

Continuous Logic is generalization of first order Logic to a many valued Logic with an infinitary truth value set. Many of the results of classic Logic and it's model theory have been generalized to continuous Logic. Continuous Logic not only has many uses in the mathematical analysis and in the model theory of mathematical analysis structures, but also has created new attitudes in classical model theory. Firstly, the present paper study the development of continuous Logic from Ł ukasiewicz Logic. Then we have a review on some of the most important basic results of continuous Logic, including the completeness of the proof system and the compactness theorem. Finally, according to the concept of continuity with respect to the truth value set, we will introduce a kind of continuous Logic that is based on continuous t-norm based fuzzy Logics. This will lead to the introduction of two kinds of continuous Logics based on Gö del Logic and product Logic. Then we developed some of the results of continuous Logic suContinuous Logic is generalization of first order Logic to a many valued Logic with an infinitary truth value set. Many of the results of classic Logic and it's model theory have been generalized to continuous Logic. Continuous Logic not only has many uses in the mathematical analysis and in the model theory of mathematical analysis structures, but also has created new attitudes in classical model theory. Firstly, the present paper study the development of continuous Logic from Ł ukasiewicz Logic. Then we have a review on some of the most important basic results of continuous Logic, including the completeness of the proof system and the compactness theorem. Finally, according to the concept of continuity with respect to the truth value set, we will introduce a kind of continuous Logic that is based on continuous t-norm based fuzzy Logics. This will lead to the introduction of two kinds of continuous Logics based on Gö del Logic and product Logic. Then we developed some of the results of continuous Logic such as the compactness theorem for these two Logics. h as the compactness theorem for these two Logics.

Arabic Logic, like the rest of medieval Arabic science and philosophy, is entirely Western and has nothing to do with Oriental philosophy. It developed wholly in the wake of the classical Greek tradition as preserved in and transmitted through late Greek Aristotelianism.The present account briefly traces the evolution of Arabic Logic from its inception in the late eighth century to its stultification in the sixteenth century, mentioning only the most important trends, figures, and achievements. Information on individual writers can be found in Carl Brockelmann’s monumental geschichte der arabischen litteratur.